Comparison of Phenolic Metabolites in Purified Extracts of Three Wild-Growing Herniaria L. Species and Their Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Activities In Vitro.

The work is aimed at phytochemical characterization and In Vitro evaluation of antioxidant actions, anti-inflammatory effects, and cytotoxicity of purified extracts from three rupturewort (Herniaria L.) species, i.e., Herniaria glabra (HG), H. polygama (HP), and H. incana herb (HIh). The total phenolic content established in the purified extracts (PEs) of HIh, HP, and HG was 29.6, 24.0, and 13.0%, respectively. Thirty-eight non-saponin metabolites were identified using LC-HR-QTOF-ESI-MS; however, only 9 were common for the studied Herniaria species. The most abundant phenolic compound in HG-PE was narcissin (7.4%), HP-PE shared 3 major constituents, namely cis-2-hydroxy-4-methoxycinnamic acid 2-O-ß-glucoside (cis-GMCA, 5.8%), narcissin (5.4%), and rutin (5.3%). Almost half of HIh phenolic content (14.7%) belonged to oxytroflavoside A (7-O-methylkaempferol-3-O-[3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-(1→6)]-[α-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→2)]-ß-galactopyranoside). Antioxidant properties of the Herniaria PEs were evaluated employing an experimental model of human blood plasma, exposed to the peroxynitrite-induced oxidative stress. The assays demonstrated significant reduction of oxidative damage to protein and lipid plasma components (estimated by measurements of 3-nitrotyrosine, protein thiol groups, thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances), and moderate protection of its non-enzymatic antioxidant capacity. Anti-inflammatory properties of the Herniaria PEs were evaluated In Vitro as inhibitory effects against cyclooxygenases (COX-1 and -2) and concanavalin A-induced inflammatory response of the peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). None of the studied plants showed inhibitory effects on COXs but all purified extracts partly reduced the release of interleukin 2 (IL-2) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) from PBMCs, which suggested their prospective ability to up-regulate inflammatory response of the cells. The purified extract from H. glabra turned out to be the most efficient suppressor of PBMCs' inflammatory response. Additionally, cytotoxicity of purified Herniaria extracts on PBMCs was ruled out based on In Vitro studies.

Determination of phenolic profiles of Herniaria polygama and Herniaria incana fractions and their in vitro antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects.

The study is based on phytochemical profiling and in vitro evaluation of biological effects of phenolic acid derivatives-rich Herniaria fractions, isolated from two rupturewort (Herniaria L.) species, i.e. Herniaria incana Lam. (syn. H. besseri Fisch. ex Hornem) and H. polygama J. Gay (syn. H. odorata). For the first time, the composition of phenolic compounds of these species was extensively evaluated by both LC-HR-QTOF-ESI-MS and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance spectroscopy (NMR). LC-MS analyses of H. polygama revealed 72 tentatively identified compounds, while H. incana - 63. Only 8% of the metabolites reported in this work have been previously described for Herniaria spp. Most of the identified specialized metabolites were cinnamic and benzoic acid derivatives. Phenolic fraction of H. incana herb contained flavonoids as well. A multi-step chromatographic separation of phenolic fractions from H. polygama yielded three known cinnamic and one benzoic acid derivates, and from H. incana - 4 known flavonoids and one previously undescribed, i.e. rhamnocitrin-3-O-[3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-(1 â†’ 6'')]-[α-rhamnopyranosyl-(1 â†’ 2'')]-ß-glucopyranoside. Antioxidant properties of the examined fractions (1-50 µg/ml) were assessed in human blood plasma under the conditions of peroxynitrite-induced oxidative stress. Measurements of well-known biomarkers such as 3-nitrotyrosine, protein thiol groups, thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances and the ferric reducing ability of blood plasma revealed the protective effect of Herniaria fractions against oxidative damage to blood plasma components. Furthermore, the examined fractions effectively ameliorated the inflammatory response of the concanavalin A-stimulated human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). Additionally, cellular safety of the fractions was confirmed in PBMCs.

Determination of carbohydrates in the herbal antidiabetic mixtures by GC-MC.

Due to the wide range of biologically active substances, the herbal mixtures can influence the development of diabetes mellitus and its complications. Carbohydrates attract particular attention due to their hypoglycemic, hypolipidemic, anticholesterolemic, antioxidant, antiinflammatory and detoxifying activities. The aim of this study was to investigate the content of carbohydrates through their monomeric composition in the herbal mixture samples: a) Urtica dioica leaf, Cichorium intybus roots, Rosa majalis fruits, Elymys repens rhizome, Taraxacum officinale roots, b) Arctium lappa roots, Elymys repens rhizome, Zea mays columns with stigmas, Helichrysum arenarium flowers, Rosa majalis fruits, c) Inula helenium rhizome with roots, Helichrysi arenarium flowers, Zea mays columns with stigmas, Origanum vulgare herb, Rosa majalis fruits, Taraxacum officinale roots, d) Cichorium intybus roots, Elymys repens rhizome, Helichrysum arenarium flowers, Rosa majalis fruits, Zea mays columns with stigmas and e) Urtica dioica leaf, Taraxacum officinale roots, Vaccinium myrtillus leaf, Rosa majalis fruits, Mentha piperita herb, which were used in Ukrainian folk medicine for the prevention and treatment of diabetes mellitus type 2.The carbohydrates were separated by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry after conversion into volatile aldononitrile acetate derivatives. The monomeric composition of polysaccharides was studied after their hydrolysis to form monosaccharides and poly-alcohols.Quantitative analyses of free carbohydrates showed that the predominant sugars were fructose, glucose and disaccharide - sucrose, in all samples. Concerning the determination of polysaccharide monomers after hydrolysis, glucose was the most abundant in all samples. The chromatographic study revealed a number of polyalcohols that are important for the treatment and prevention of progression of diabetes mellitus and its complications, namely, mannitol, pinitol and myo-inositol.

Reinvestigation of Herniaria glabra L. saponins and their biological activity.

Twelve undescribed triterpenoid pentacyclic glycosides, medicagenic acid (3-O-ß-D-glucuronopyranosyl-28-O-{[ß-D-glucopyranosyl-(1 → 3)-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1 → 2)]-[α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1 → 3)]-4-O-acetyl-ß-D-fucopyranosyl-(1→)}-2ß,3ß-dihydroxyolean-12-ene-23,28-dioic acid, 3-O-ß-D-glucuronopyranosyl-28-O-{[α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1 → 2)]-[ß-D-apiofuranosyl-(1 → 3)]-4-O-acetyl-ß-D-fucopyranosyl-(1→)}-2ß,3ß-dihydroxyolean-12-ene-23,28-dioic acid, 3-O-ß-D-glucuronopyranosyl-28-O-{[α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1 → 2)]-3,4-O-diacetyl-ß-D-fucopyranosyl-(1→)}-2ß,3ß-dihydroxyolean-12-ene-23,28-dioic acid, 28-O-{[6-O-acetyl-ß-D-glucopyranosyl-(1 → 2)]-[2-O-acetyl-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1 → 4)-ß-D-glucopyranosyl-(1 → 6)]-ß-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→)}-2ß,3ß-dihydroxyolean-12-ene-23,28-dioic acid, 28-O-{[6-O-acetyl-ß-D-glucopyranosyl-(1 → 2)]-[3-O-acetyl-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1 → 4)-ß-D-glucopyranosyl-(1 → 6)]-ß-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→)}-2ß,3ß-dihydroxyolean-12-ene-23,28-dioic acid, 28-O-{[6-O-acetyl-ß-D-glucopyranosyl-(1 → 2)]-[4-O-acetyl-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1 → 4)-ß-D-glucopyranosyl-(1 → 6)]-ß-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→)}-2ß,3ß-dihydroxyolean-12-ene-23,28-dioic acid, 28-O-{[6-O-acetyl-ß-D-glucopyranosyl-(1 → 2)]-[ß-D-glucopyranosyl-(1 → 6)]-ß-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→)}-2ß,3ß-dihydroxyolean-12-ene-23,28-dioic acid, 28-O-{[ß-D-glucopyranosyl-(1 → 2)]-[ß-D-glucopyranosyl-(1 → 6)]-ß-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→)}-2ß,3ß-dihydroxyolean-12-ene-23,28-dioic acid), zanhic acid (3-O-ß-D-glucuronopyranosyl-28-O-{[ß-D-glucopyranosyl-(1 → 3)-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1 → 2)]-[α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1 → 3)]-4-O-acetyl-ß-D-fucopyranosyl-(1→)}2ß,3ß,16α-trihydroxyolean-12-ene-23,28-dioic acid, 3-O-ß-D-glucuronopyranosyl-28-O-{[ß-D-glucopyranosyl-(1 → 3)-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1 → 2)]-ß-D-fucopyranosyl-(1→)}-2ß,3ß,16α-trihydroxyolean-12-ene-23,28-dioic acid), 29-hydroxy-medicagenic acid (3-O-ß-D-glucuronopyranosyl-28-O-{[ß-D-glucopyranosyl-(1 → 3)-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1 → 2)]-[α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1 → 3)]-4-O-acetyl-ß-D-fucopyranosyl-(1→)}-2ß,3ß,29ß-trihydroxyolean-12-ene-23,28-dioic acid) and herniaric acid (28-O-{[6-O-acetyl-ß-D-glucopyranosyl-(1 → 2)]-[α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1 → 4)-ß-D-glucopyranosyl-(1 → 6)]-ß-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→)}-2ß,3ß-dihydroxyolean-18-ene-23,28-dioic acid) were isolated from the whole plant extract of Herniaria glabra L. (Caryophyllaceae), wild growing in the Ukraine. In addition, five known triterpenoid saponins; i.e. herniariasaponins 1, 4, 5, 6, and 7 were also isolated. Their structures were elucidated by HRESIMS, 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopy, as well as by comparison with the literature data. Twelve herniariasaponins, the purified crude extract, and the saponin fraction were evaluated in vitro for their xanthine oxidase, collagenase, elastase, and tyrosinase inhibitory activity. Moreover, herniariasaponins 4, 5, and 7 were screened for their cholinesterase inhibitory potential. As a result, no or low inhibition towards the mentioned enzymes was observed.

γ-Pyrone compounds: flavonoids and maltol glucoside derivatives from Herniaria glabra L. collected in the Ternopil region of the Ukraine.

The phytochemical investigation of the whole plant extracts of Herniaria glabra L. (Caryophyllaceae) led to the identification and isolation of four known flavonoids, one known and three undescribed maltol derivatives, and benzyl ß-gentiobioside. The structures were established by extensive 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopic analyses, as well as HRESIMS data. For the first time in Herniaria genus, as well as in Caryophylaceae family the presence of apiorutin {quercetin 3-O-[(D-apio-ß-d-furanosyl-(1 → 2)-O-[-α-l-rhamnopyranosyl-(1 → 6)]-ß-d-glucopyranoside]} and licoagroside B {maltol 3-O-[6-O-(3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaroyl)]-ß-d-glucopyranoside} were revealed. Additionally, antioxidant actions of apiorutin, rutin, narcissin (isorhamentin 3-O-ß-d-rutinoside) and licoagroside B were assessed in human blood plasma, exposed to the peroxynitrite-induced oxidative stress in vitro. The isolates partly reduced oxidative (oxidation of thiol groups) and nitrative (tyrosine nitration) damage to blood plasma proteins, decreased plasma lipid peroxidation as well as enhanced the non-enzymatic antioxidant capacity of blood plasma. No cytotoxicity of the examined substances towards peripheral blood mononuclear cells was found.